Flood Frequency Analysis for Burhi Gandak River Basin

The study is aimed at finding the best distribution to match the steam flow and calculation of magnitude and frequency of flow. In the current study, we have used several statistical distributions to find the best fit distribution for stream flow and used flood frequency analysis techniques to find the magnitude and frequency of stream flow and non-exceedance probability of peak discharge. The study has been performed at Sikandarpur and Rosera gauging sites of BurhiGandak River. Historical (50 years) maximum annual peak discharge data of each station are used for statistical analysis for estimating maximum peak discharge in 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 year return period. In this study, Lognormal distribution, Galton distribution, Gamma distribution, Log Pearson Type III distribution, Gumbell distribution, Generalised extreme values distribution have been considered to describe the annual maximum stream flow. Flood frequency analysis methods were used for estimating the magnitude of the extreme flow events and their associated return periods. For both Sikandarpur and Rosera stations, Log Pearson type III distributions showed the lowest value of K–S and Chi-square test statistic. The annual probable peak discharge for 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years return period is calculated for each distribution. The most suitable distribution for both the stations is found to be the log-Pearson type III distribution.

Study of the clinical profile and upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in patients with chronic kidney disease

Background: Uremic milieu associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and GI bleeding. Objective: The present study intended to ascertain the prevalence of various upper GI (UGI) symptoms and UGI endoscopic abnormalities in patients of CKD. Materials and Methods: Patients were stratified according to glomerular filtration rate and their respective GI symptoms score was determined and they were subjected to UGI endoscopy. Results: Thirty males and 24 females of CKD were compared with equal number of control group who have normal kidney function but may or may not have UGI disturbance. The severity of CKD correlated with high GI symptom score with maximum number of patients in dialyzed CKD subgroup. Anorexia followed by nausea and abdominal pain was dominant symptoms in the study group. On endoscopic evaluation, hiatus hernia and duodenitis were significantly more prevalent in the study group over the control group. Conclusion: Based on these observations, this study supports the routine usage of UGI endoscopy in evaluation of CKD patients.

Investigation of bioactivity of extracts of Marine Sponge, Spongosorites halichondrioides (Dendy, 1905) from western coastal areas of India

Objective: Sponges (phylum Porifera) are sessile marine invertebrates and are known to be the richest source of pharmacologically-active compounds. This work was taken to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal activity and cytotoxicity from marine sponge. Method: In this study the marine sponge Spongosorites halichondrioides crude extracts were investigated for three bioassays. The first is an antimicrobial test against Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa and the second is an antifungal test against three pathogenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillusniger and Metarhizium anisopliae. The third is a cytotoxicity test using larva of Artemia salina, for detection of cytotoxic activity in the extracts. Result: For all the three bioassays, extracts were found to be bioactive. This result suggests that this marine sponge is able to produce biologically active agents required for an overall defense against their predators. Conclusions: Further GC MS was done and the fragmentation pattern, showed the presence of sterol esters and terpenoids in the active extracts.

Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in different stages of cervical cancer: Prognostic significance.

Background: Free radical Injury is associated with cancer, but how the extent of oxidative stress correlates with the FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stage in Carcinoma Cervix (Ca Cx), and its significance as a prognostic marker, is not clear and needs an in-depth study. Aim: To correlate the blood levels of Lipid Peroxidation (LPO), Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Vitamin A and E levels with the clinical stage in Ca Cx. Settings and Design: This is a Prospective Case Control Study. Materials and Methods: LPO, SOD, reduced GSH were estimated by Bio Chemical Assays and Vitamins by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Statistical Analysis: The cases and controls were compared using One Way ANOVA and different stages over different time periods were individually compared by Repeated Measure Analysis of Variance. Results: The results indicated a statistically significant increase of LPO vis-a-vis the FIGO stage of Ca Cx and control, while the antioxidant status as depicted by GSH and SOD decreased. Vitamin A and E levels were significantly lower in cancer cases as compared to the control. Conclusion: Increased LPO and reduced antioxidant levels may be taken as associated predictive markers, thus suggesting that Ca Cx cases should get nutritive supplements to contain the blood LPO level and maintain a positive balance of antioxidants for a better outcome in terms of delayed recurrence and better Quality of Life (QOL).

Ascorbate induced cross-linking of oxyhemoglobin subunits.

Ascorbic acid during oxidation in vitro can generate H2O2 which induces non-disulphide covalent cross-linking of coincubated oxyhemoglobin. The cross-linking phenomenon mediated by H2O2 takes place possibly without the involvement of hydroxyl radicals as evident from the failure of radical scavengers like mannitol and dimethyl sulphoxide as well as metal-chelator, to inhibit the process. This pro-oxidant effect of ascorbic acid may have physiological significance in red blood cells in vivo.

Metastatic malignant melanoma of maxillary gingiva. A case report.

Malignant melanoma of the oral cavity can be primary or secondary due to metastasis from distant site. Incidence of oral cavity by metastasis of melanoma is 1.85%. Most common oral sites involved are tongue, buccal mucosa and parotid gland. Oral lesions occur as a part of disseminated disease during the advanced stages and has poor prognosis. An unusual case of metastatic malignant melanoma of the maxillary gingiva is reported.